Echocardiography: The Normal Examination and Echocardiographic Measurements

This text is principally intended to be used by students and teachers of echocardiography, although it is anticipated that all Echo practices will find it to be a useful educational guide and resource. Chapters cover the basic principles of ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques as well as the echocardiographic examination, with respect to standard echocardiographic images and views, image optimisation and echocardiographic measurements. Precise details of measurement techniques and their limitations are included. Numerous "Practical Examples" are also incorporated to illustrate the clinical application of various echocardiographic calculations along with additional "Technical Tips" showing examples of common measurement errors and ways to avoid them. Key points are emphasised in numerous information panels scattered throughout the text. The basic structure of this third edition remains essentially the same as the second edition with chapter themes and topics remaining unchanged, although reference values and other essential information have been updated. New images, extra tips and clinical examples have also been added, which are all aimed at furthering the reader's understanding of this fascinating field. Real-time images that correspond to figures in the book are available on www.echotext.info. This allows readers to view the real-time image in association with the corresponding figure legends in the book.